white-headed Babbler

The Jungle Babbler's habitat is forest and cultivation. This species, like most babblers, is non-migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight. The sexes are identical, drably coloured in brownish grey with a yellow-bill making them confusable only with the endemicYellow-billed Babblers of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. The upperparts are usually slightly darker in shade and there is some mottling on the throat and breast. The race T. s. somervillei of Maharastra has a very rufous tail and dark primary flight feathers.The Jungle Babbler can be separated from the White-headed Babbler by the dark loreal zone between the bill and the eye as well as the lack of a contrasting light crown. The calls of the two species are however distinct and unmistakable. The Jungle Babbler has harsh nasal calls while the White-headed Babbler has high pitched calls. Another babbler that is similarly found in urban areas is the Large Grey Babbler, however that species has a distinctive long tail with white outer tail feathers.^[3]

The Jungle Babbler lives in flocks of seven to ten or more. It is a noisy bird, and the presence of a flock may generally be known at some distance by the harsh mewing calls, continual chattering, squeaking and chirping produced by its members.

bulbul

Bulbuls are short-necked slender passerines. The tails are long and the wings short and rounded. In almost all species the [[beak|bill]] is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end. They vary in length from 13&nbsp;cm for the [[Tiny Greenbul]] to 29&nbsp;cm in the [[Straw-headed Bulbul]]. Overall the sexes are alike, although the females tend to be slightly smaller. In a few species the differences are so great that they have been described as functionally different species. The soft [[plumage]] of some species is colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive brown to black plumage. Species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings. Some have very distinct crests. Bulbuls are highly [[Bird vocalization|vocal]], with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly. One author described the song of the [[Brown-eared Bulbul]] as "the most unattractive noises made by any bird".<ref name = "HBW">Fishpool ''et al.'' (2005)</ref>  [[File:Bulbul 2.JPG|thumb|Bulbul from Attappadi Plateau]]

Bulbuls eat a wide range of different foods, ranging from fruit to seeds, nectar, small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates. The majority of species are frugivorous and supplement their diet with some insects, whilst there is a significant minority of specialists, particularly in Africa. Open country species in particular are generalists. Bulbuls in the genus ''[[Criniger]]'' and bristlebills in the genus ''[[Bleda]]'' will join [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s.

The bulbuls are generally [[monogamy|monogamous]]. One unusual exception is the [[Yellow-whiskered Greenbul]] which at least over part of its range appears to be polygamous and engage in a [[Lek (biology)|lekking]] system. Some species also have [[alloparenting]] arrangements, where non-breeders, usually the young from earlier clutches, help raise the young of a dominant breeding pair.  Up to five purple-pink eggs are laid in an open tree nests and [[avian incubation|incubated]] by the female. Incubation usually lasts between 11–14 days, and chicks [[fledge]] after 12–16 days.